宪章｜关于历史街区的保护及其当代作用的建议
2019-12-02 21:00
前言:
本期将继续梳理《关于历史街区的保护及其当代作用的建议（内罗毕建议）》的主要内容。该建议由联合国教科文组织大会第十九届会议于1976年11月26日在内罗毕通过，它首次提出了“历史街区保护”的概念。它所指的“历史街区”，已不只是包含围绕文物建筑的地区，还指包括有人类活动的周围环境。它强调，历史城区的所在国政府和公民应当把城区保护与当代社会生活融为一体。为此，它阐述了保护历史城镇规划的重要性，以及怎样维护保存、修复和发展这些城镇，使它们适应现代化生活需求。历史保护不再是对古建筑进行博物馆式的冻结保护，而是城市发展中的一个重要战略组成部分。
专家评价
这部国际文件，对历史城镇及历史街区的保护具有重要推动作用和指导意义。
——张松
文件阐明了制定保护历史城镇措施的必要性。
——王瑞珠
RECOMMENDATION CONCERNING THE SAFEGUARDING AND CONTEMPORARY ROLE OF HISTORIC AREAS
关于历史地区的保护及其当代作用的建议
The General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, meeting in Nairobi at its nineteenth session, from 26 October to 30 November 1976。
联合国教育、科学及文化组织大会于 1976 年 10 月 26 日至 11 月 30 日在内罗 毕举行第十九届会议。
Considering that historic areas are part of the daily environment of human beings everywhere, that they represent the living presence of the past which formed them, that they provide the variety in life's background needed to match the diversity of society, and that by so doing they gain in value and acquire an additional human dimension。
考虑到历史地区是各地人类日常环境的组成部分，它们代表着形成其过去的生动见证，提供了与社会多样化相对应所需的生活背景的多样化，并且基于以上 各点，它们获得了自身的价值，又得到了人性的一面。
Considering that historic areas afford down the ages the most tangible evidence of the wealth and diversity of cultural, religious and social activities and that their safeguarding and their integration into the life of contemporary society is a basic factor in town-planning and land development。
考虑到自古以来，历史地区为文化、宗教及社会活动的多样化和财富提供了确切的见证，保护历史地区并使它们与现代社会生活相结合是城市规划和土地开发的基本因素。
Considering that in face of the dangers of stereotyping and depersonalization, this living evidence of days gone by is of vital importance for humanity and for nations who find in it both the expression of their way of life and one of the corner-stones of their identity。
考虑到面对因循守旧和非个性化的危险，这些昔日的生动见证对于人类和对 那些从中找到其生活方式缩影及其某一基本特征的民族，是至关重要的。
Noting that throughout the world, under the pretext of expansion or modernization, demolition ignorant of what it is demolishing and irrational and inappropriate reconstruction work is causing serious damage to this historic heritage。
注意到整个世界在扩展或现代化的借口之下，拆毁（却不知道拆毁的是什么）和不合理不适当重建工程正给这一历史遗产带来严重的损害。
Considering that historic areas are an immovable heritage whose destruction may often lead to social disturbance, even where it does not lead to economic loss。
考虑到历史地区是不可移动的遗产，其损坏即使不会导致经济损失，也常常 会带来社会动乱。
Considering that this situation entails responsibilities for every citizen and lays on public authorities obligations which they alone are capable of fulfilling。
考虑到这种情况使每个公民承担责任，并赋予公共当局只有他们才能履行的 义务。
Considering that in order to save these irreplaceable assets from the dangers of deterioration or even total destruction to which they are thus exposed, it is for each State to adopt, as a matter of urgency, comprehensive and energetic policies for the protection and revitalization of historic areas and their surroundings as part of national, regional or local planning。
考虑到为了使这些不可替代的财产免受它们所面临的退化甚至全部毁坏的危险，各成员国当务之急是采取全面而有力的政策，把保护和复原历史地区及其周 围环境作为国家、地区或地方规划的组成部分。
Noting the absence in many cases of a legislation effective and flexible enough concerning the architectural heritage and its interconnexion with town- planning, territorial, regional or local planning。
注意到在许多情况下缺乏一套有关建筑遗产及其与城市规划、领土、地区或 地方规划相互联系的相当有效而灵活的立法。
Noting that the General Conference has already adopted international instruments for the protection of the cultural and natural heritage such as the Recommendation on International Principles Applicable to Archaeological Excavations (1956),the Recommendation Concerning the Safeguarding of the Beauty and Character of Landscapes and Sites (1962),the Recommendation Concerning the Preservation of Cultural Property Endangered by Public or Private Works (1968),and the Recommendation Concerning the Protection,at National Level,of the Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972)。
注意到大会已通过了保护文化和自然遗产的国际文件，如：《关于适用于考古 发掘的国际原则的建议》（1956）、《关于保护景观和遗址的风貌与特征的建议》（1962）、《关于保护受到公共或私人工程危害的文化财产的建议》（1968）、《关于保护受到公共或私人工程威胁的文化财产的建议》（1972）。
Desiring to supplement and extend the application of the standards and principles laid down in these international instruments。
希望补充并扩大这些国际文件所确定的标准和原则的适用范围。
Having before it proposals concerning the safeguarding and contemporary role of historic areas, which question appears on the agenda of the session as item 27。Having decided at its eighteenth session that this question should take the form of a Recommendation to Member States. Adopts, this twenty-sixth day of November 1976, the present Recommendation. The General Conference recommends that Member States apply the above provisions by adopting, as a national law or in some other form, measures with a view to giving effect to the principles and norms set out in this Recommendation in the territories under their jurisdiction.The General Conference recommends that Member States bring this Recommendation to the attention of the national, regional and local authorities and of institutions, services or bodies and associations concerned with the safeguarding of historic areas and their environment. The General Conference recommends that Member States report to it, at the dates and in the form determined by it, on action taken by them on this Recommendation.
收到关于历史地区的保护及其当代作用的建议，该问题作为本届会议第 27 项 议程. 第十八次会议决定该问题应采取向各成员国的建议的形式。于1976 年 11 月 26 日通过本建议。大会建议各成员国应通过国家法律或其它方式制订使本建议所规定的原则和准则在其所管辖的领土上生效的措施，以适用以上规定。大会建议各成员国应将本建议提请与保护历史地区及其周围环境有关的国家、地区和地方当局、事业单位、行政部门或机构以及各种协会的注意。大会建议各成员国应按 大会决定的日期和形式向大会提交有关本建议执行情况的报告。
DEFINITIONS
定义
1. For the purposes of the present recommendation:
(a) "Historic and architectural (including vernacular) areas" shall be taken to mean any groups of buildings, structures and open spaces including archaeological and palaeontological sites, constituting human settlements in an urban or rural environment, the cohesion and value of which, from the archaeological, architectural, prehistoric, historic, aesthetic or socio-cultural point of view are recognized. Among these "areas", which are very varied in nature, it is possible to distinguish the following in particular: prehistoric sites, historic towns, old urban quarters, villages and hamlets as well as homogeneous monumental groups, it being understood that the latter should as a rule be carefully preserved unchanged.
(b) The "environment" shall be taken to mean the natural or man-made setting which influences the static or dynamic way these areas are perceived or which is directly linked to them in space or by social, economic or cultural ties.
(c) "Safeguarding" shall be taken to mean the identification, protection, conservation, restoration, renovation, maintenance and revitalization of historic or traditional areas and their environment.
1．为本建议之目的：
（1）“历史和建筑（包括本地的）地区”系指包含考古和古生物遗址的任何建筑群、结构和空旷地，它们构成城乡环境中的人类居住地，从考古、建筑、史前史、历史、艺术和社会文化的角度看，其凝聚力和价值已得到认可。在这些性质各异的地区中，可特别划分为以下各类：史前遗址、历史城镇、老城区、老村庄、 老村落以及相似的古迹群。不言而喻，后者通常应予以精心保存，维持不变。
（2）“环境”系指影响观察这些地区的动态、静态方法的、自然或人工的环境。
（3）“保护”系指对历史或传统地区及其环境的鉴定、保护、修复、修缮、维 修和复原。
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
总则
1. Historic areas and their surroundings should be regarded as forming an irreplaceable universal heritage. The governments and the citizens of the States in whose territory they are situated should deem it their duty to safeguard this heritage and integrate it into the social life of our times. The national, regional or local authorities should be answerable for their performance of this duty in the interests of all citizens and of the international community, in accordance with the conditions of each Member State as regards the allocation of powers.
1. 历史地区及其环境应被视为不可替代的世界遗产的组成部分。其所在国政府和公民应把保护该遗产并使之与我们时代的社会生活融为一体作为自己的义务。国家、地区或地方当局应根据各成员国关于权限划分的情况，为全体公民和 国际社会的利益，负责履行这一义务。
2. Every historic area and its surroundings should be considered in their totality as a coherent whole whose balance and specific nature depend on the fusion of the parts of which it is composed and which include human activities as much as the buildings, the spatial organization and the surroundings. All valid elements, including human activities, however modest, thus have a significance in relation to the whole which must not be disregarded.
2. 每一历史地区及其周围环境应从整体上视为一个相互联系的统一体，其协调及特性取决于它的各组成部分的联合，这些组成部分包括人类活动、建筑物、空间结构及周围环境。因此一切有效的组成部分，包括人类活动，无论多么微不 足道，都对整体具有不可忽视的意义。
3. Historic areas and their surroundings should be actively protected against damage of all kinds, particularly that resulting from unsuitable use, unnecessary additions and misguided or insensitive changes such as will impair their authenticity, and from damage due to any form of pollution. Any restoration work undertaken should be based on scientific principles. Similarly, great attention should be paid to the harmony and aesthetic feeling produced by the linking or the contrasting of the various parts which make up the groups of buildings and which give to each group its particular character.
3. 历史地区及其周围环境应得到积极保护，使之免受各种损坏，特别是由于不适当的利用、不必要的添建和诸如将会损坏其真实性的错误的或愚蠢的改变而带来的损害，以及由于各种形式的污染而带来的损害。任何修复工程的进行应以科学原则为基础。同样，也应十分注意组成建筑群并赋予各建筑群以自身特征的 各个部分之间的联系与对比所产生的和谐与美感。
4. In the conditions of modern urbanization, which leads to a considerable increase in the scale and density of buildings, apart from the danger of direct destruction of historic areas, there is a real danger that newly developed areas can ruin the environment and character of adjoining historic areas. Architects and town-planners should be careful to ensure that views from and to monuments and historic areas are not spoilt and that historic areas are integrated harmoniously into contemporary life
4. 在导致建筑物的规模和密度大量增加的现代城市化的情况下，历史地区除了遭受直接破坏的危险外，还存在一个真正的危险：新开发的地区会毁坏临近的历史地区的环境和特征。建筑师和城市规划者应谨慎从事，以确保古迹和历史地 区的景色不致遭到破坏，并确保历史地区与当代生活和谐一致。
5. At a time when there is a danger that a growing universality of building techniques and architectural forms may create a uniform environment throughout the world, the preservation of historic areas can make an outstanding contribution to maintaining and developing the cultural and social values of each nation. This can contribute to the architectural enrichment of the cultural heritage of the world.
5. 当存在建筑技术和建筑形式的日益普遍化可能造成整个世界的环境单一化的危险时，保护历史地区能对维护和发展每个国家的文化和社会价值作出突出贡 献。这也有助于从建筑上丰富世界文化遗产。
NATIONAL, REGIONAL, AND LOCAL POLICY
国家、地区和地方政策
1. In each Member State a national, regional and local policy should be drawn up, in conformity with the conditions of each State as regards the allocation of powers, so that legal, technical, economic and social measures may be taken by the national, regional or local authorities with a view to safeguarding historic areas and their surroundings and adapting them to the requirements of modern life. The policy thus laid down should influence planning at national, regional or local level and provide guidelines for town-planning and regional and rural development planning at all levels, the activities stemming from it forming an essential component in the formulation of aims and programmes, the assignment of responsibilities and the conduct of operations. The co-operation of individuals and private associations should be sought in implementing the safeguarding policy.
1. 各成员国应根据各国关于权限划分的情况制定国家、地区和地方政策，以便使国家、地区和地方当局能够采取法律、技术、经济和社会措施，保护历史地区及其周围环境，并使之适应于现代生活的需要。由此制定的政策应对国家、地区或地方各级的规划产生影响，并为各级城市规划，以及地区和农村发展规划，为由此而产生的共构成制定目标和计划重要组成部分的活动、责任分配以及实施 行为提供指导。在执行保护政策时，应寻求个人和私人协会的合作。
SAFEGUARDING MEASURES
保护措施
1. Historic areas and their surroundings should be safeguarded in conformity with the principles stated above and with the methods set out below, the specific measures being determined according to the legislative and constitutional competence and the organizational and economic structure of each State.
1. 历史地区及其周围环境应按照上述原则和以下措施予以保护，具体措施应 根据各国立法和宪法权限以及各国组织和经济结构来决定。
Legal and administrative measures
立法及行政措施
2. The application of an overall policy for safeguarding historic areas and their surroundings should be based on principles which are valid for the whole of each country. Member States should adapt the existing provisions, or, where necessary, enact new laws and regulations, so as to secure the protection of historic areas and their surroundings taking into account the provisions contained in this chapter and in the following chapters. They should encourage the adaptation or the adoption of regional or local measures to ensure such protection. Laws concerning town and regional planning and housing policy should also be reviewed so as to co-ordinate and bring them into line with the laws concerning the safeguarding of the architectural heritage.
2. 保护历史地区及其周围环境的总政策之适用应基于对各国整体有效的原则。各成员国应修改现有规定，或必要时，制定新的法律和规章以便参照本章及下列章节所述之规定，确保对历史地区及其周围环境的保护。它们应鼓励修改或采取地区或地方措施以确保此种保护。有关城镇和地区规划以及住宅政策的法律 应予以审议，以便使它们与有关保护建筑遗产的法律相协调、相结合。
3. The provisions establishing a system for safeguarding historic areas should set out the general principles relating to the establishment of the necessary plans and documents and, in particular:the general conditions and restrictions applicable to the protected areas and their surroundings;a statement as to the programmes and operations to be planned for the purpose of conservation and provision of public services; maintenance to be carried out and the designation of those to be responsible for it;the fields to which town-planning, redevelopment and rural land management are applicable;the designation of the body responsible for authorizing any restoration, modification, new construction or demolition within the protected perimeter; the means by which the safeguarding programmes are to be financed and carried out.
3. 关于保护历史地区的制度的规定应确立关于制订必要的计划和文件的一般原则，特别是：适用于保护地区及其周围环境的一般条件和限制；关于为保护和提供公共服务而制定的计划和行动说明；将要进行的维护工作并为此指派负责人；适用于城市规划，再开发以及农村土地管理的区域；指派负责审批任何在保护范围内的修复、改动、新建或拆除的机构；保护计划得到资金并得以实施的方式。
4. Safeguarding plans and documents should define:
(a) the areas and items to be protected;
(b) the specific conditions and restrictions applicable to them;
(c) the standards to be observed in the work of maintenance, restoration and improvements;
(d) the general conditions governing the establishment of the supply systems and services needed in urban or rural life;
(f) the conditions governing new constructions.
4. 保护计划和文件应确定：
（1）被保护的区域和项目；
（2）对其适用的具体条件和限制；
（3）在维护、修复和改进工作中所应遵守的标准；
（4）关于建立城市或农村生活所需的服务和供应系统的一般条件；
（5）关于新建项目的条件。
5. These laws should also in principle include provisions designed to prevent any infringement of the preservation laws, as well as any speculative rise in property values within the protected areas which could compromise protection and restoration planned in the interests of the community as a whole. These provisions could involve town-planning measures affording a means of influencing the price of building land, such as the establishment of neighborhood or smaller development plans, granting the right of pre-emption to a public body, compulsory purchase in the interests of safeguarding or rehabilitation or automatic intervention in the case of failure to act on the part of the owners, and could provide for effective penalties such as the suspension of operations, compulsory restoration and/or a suitable fine.
5. 原则上，这些法律也应包括旨在防止违反保护法的规定，以及防止在保护地区内财产价值的投机性上涨的规定，这一上涨可能危及为整个社会利益而计划的保护和维修。这些规定可以包括提供影响建筑用地价格之方法的城市规划措施，例如：设立邻里区或制定较小型的开发计划，授予公共机构优先购买权、在所有人不采取行动的情况下，为了保护、修复或自动干预之目的实行强制购买。这些规定可以确定有效的惩罚，如：暂停活动、强制修复和适当的罚款。
6. Public authorities as well as individuals must be obliged to comply with the measures for safeguarding. However, machinery for appeal against arbitrary or unjust decisions should be provided.
6. 个人和公共当局有义务遵守保护措施。然而，也应对武断的或不公正的 决定提供上诉的机制。
7. The provisions concerning the setting up of public and private bodies and concerning public and private work projects should be adapted to the regulations governing the safeguarding of historic areas and their surroundings.
7. 有关建立公共和私人机构以及公共和私人工程项目的规定应与保护历史 地区及其周围环境的规定相适应。
8. In particular, provisions concerning slum property and blocks and the construction of subsidized housing should be planned or amended both to fit in with the safeguarding policy and to contribute to it. The schedule of any subsidies paid should be drawn up and adjusted accordingly, in particular in order to facilitate the development of subsidized housing and public construction by rehabilitating old buildings. All demolition should in any case only concern building with no historic or architectural value and the subsidies involved should be carefully controlled. Further, a proportion of the funds earmarked for the construction of subsidized housing should be allocated to the rehabilitation of old buildings.
8. 有关贫民区的房产和街区以及有补贴住宅之建设的规定，尤其应本着符合并有助于保护政策的目的予以制订或修改。因此，应拟定并调整已付补贴的计划，以便专门通过修复古建筑推动有补贴的住宅建筑和公共建设的发展。在任何情况下，一切拆除应仅限于没有历史或建筑价值的建筑物，并对所涉及的补贴应谨慎予以控制。另外，应将专用于补贴住宅建设的基金拨出一部分，用于旧建筑的修复。
9. The legal consequences of the protection measures as far as buildings and land are concerned should be made public and should be recorded by a competent official body.
9. 有关建筑物和土地的保护措施的法律后果应予以公开并由主管官方机构 作出记录。
10. Making due allowance for the conditions specific to each country and the allocation of responsibilities within the various national, regional and local authorities, the following principles should underlie the operation of the safeguarding machinery:
(a) there should be an authority responsible for ensuring the permanent co-ordination of all those concerned, e.g. national, regional and local public services or groups of individuals;
(b) safeguarding plans and documents should be drawn up, once all the necessary advance scientific studies have been carried out, by multidisciplinary teams composed, in particular, of specialists in conservation and restoration, including art historians; architects and town-planners; sociologists and economists; ecologists and landscape architects; specialists in public health and social welfare; and, more generally, all specialists in disciplines involved in the protection and enhancement of historic areas;
(c) the authorities should take the lead in sounding the opinions and organizing the participation of the public concerned;
(d) the safeguarding plans and documents should be approved by the body designated by law;
(e) the public authorities responsible for giving effect to the safeguarding provisions and regulations at all levels, national, regional and local, should be provided with the necessary staff and given adequate technical, administrative and financial resources.
10. 考虑到各国的具体条件以及各个国家、地区和地方当局的责任划分，下 列原则应构成保护机制运行的基础：
（1）应设有一个负责确保长期协调一切有关部门，如国家、地区和地方公共 部门或私人团体的权力机构；
（2）跨学科小组一旦完成了事先一切必要的科学研究后，应立即制订保护计划和文件，这些跨学科小组特别应由以下人员组成：保护和修复专家，包括艺术史学家；建筑师和城市规划师；社会学家和经济学家；生态学家和风景建筑师；公共卫生和社会福利的专家；并且更广泛地说，所有涉及历史地区保护和发展学 科方面的专家；
（3）这些机构应在传播有关民众的意见和组织他们积极参与方面起带头作用；
（4）保护计划和文件应由法定机构批准；
（5）负责实施保护规定和规划的国家、地区和地方各级公共当局应配有必要的工作人员和充分的技术、行政管理和财政来源。
Technical, economic and social measures
技术、经济和社会措施
1. A list of historic areas and their surroundings to be protected should be drawn up at national, regional or local level. It should indicate priorities so that the limited resources available for protection may be allocated judiciously. Any protection measures, of whatever nature, that need to be taken as a matter of urgency should be taken without waiting for the safeguarding plans and documents to be prepared.
1. 应在国家、地区或地方一级制订保护历史地区及其周围环境的清单。该清单应确定重点，以使可用于保护的有限资源能够得到合理的分配。需要采取的任何紧急保护措施，不论其性质如何，均不应等到制订保护计划和文件后再采取。
2. A survey of the area as a whole, including an analysis of its spatial evolution, should be made. It should cover archaeological, historical, architectural, technical and economic data. An analytical document should be drawn up so as to determine which buildings or groups of buildings are to be protected with great care, conserved under certain conditions, or, in quite exceptional and thoroughly documented circumstances, destroyed. This would enable the authorities to call a halt to any work incompatible with this recommendation. Additionally, an inventory of public and private open spaces and their vegetation should be drawn up for the same purposes.
2. 应对整个地区进行一次全面的研究，其中包括对其空间演变的分析。它还应包括考古、历史、建筑、技术和经济方面的数据。应制订一份分析性文件，以便确定哪些建筑物或建筑群应予以精心保护、哪些应在某种条件下予以保存，哪些应在极例外的情况下经全面记录后予以拆毁。这将能使有关当局下令停止任何与本建议不相符合的工程。此外，出于同样目的，还应制订一份公共或私人开阔地及其植被情况的清单。
3. In addition to this architectural survey, thorough surveys of social, economic, cultural and technical data and structures and of the wider urban or regional context are necessary. Studies should include, if possible, demographic data and an analysis of economic, social and cultural activities, ways of life and social relationships, land-tenure problems, the urban infrastructure, the state of the road system, communication networks and the reciprocal links between protected areas and surrounding zones. The authorities concerned should attach the greatest importance to these studies and should bear in mind that valid safeguarding plans cannot be prepared without them.
3. 除了这种建筑方面的研究外，也有必要对社会、经济、文化和技术数据与结构以及更广泛的城市或地区联系进行全面的研究。如有可能，研究应包括人口统计数据以及对经济、社会和文化活动的分析、生活方式和社会关系、土地使用问题、城市基础设施、道路系统、通讯网络以及保护区域与其周围地区的相互联系。有关当局应高度重视这些研究并应牢记没有这些研究，就不可能制订出有 效的保护计划。
4. After the survey described above has been completed and before the safeguarding plans and specifications are drawn up, there should in principle be a programming operation in which due account is taken both of town-planning, architectural, economic and social considerations and of the ability of the urban and rural fabric to assimilate functions that are compatible with its specific character. The programming operation should aim at bringing the density of settlement to the desired level and should provide for the work to be carried out in stages as well as for the temporary accommodation needed while it is proceeding, and premises for the permanent rehousing of those inhabitants who cannot return to their previous dwellings. This programming operation should be undertaken with the closest possible participation of the communities and groups of people concerned. Because the social, economic and physical context of historic areas and their surroundings may be expected to change over time, survey and analysis should be a continuing process. It is accordingly essential that the preparation of safeguarding plans and their execution be undertaken on the basis of studies available, rather than being postponed while the planning process is refined.
4. 在完成上述研究之后，并在保护计划和详细说明制订之前，原则上应有一个实施计划，其中既要考虑城市规划、建筑、经济和社会问题，又要考虑城乡机构吸收与其具体特点相适应的功能的能力。实施计划应在使居住密度达到理想水平，并应规定分期进行的工作及其进行中所需的临时住宅，以及为那些无法重返之前住所的居民提供永久性的住房。该实施计划应由有关的社区和人民团体密切参与制订。由于历史地区及其周围环境的社会、经济及自然状态方面会随时间流逝而不断变化，因此，对其研究和分析应是一个连续不断的过程。所以，至关重要的是在能够进行研究的基础上制订保护计划并加以实施，而不是由于推敲计划过程而予以拖延。
5. Once the safeguarding plans and specifications have been drawn up and approved by the competent public authority, it would be desirable for them to be executed either by their authors or under their authority.
5. 一旦制订出保护计划和详细说明并获得有关公共当局批准，最好由制订者本人或在其指导下予以实施。
6. In historic areas containing features from several different periods,preservation should be carried out taking into account the manifestations of all such periods.
6. 在具有几个不同时期特征的历史地区，保护应考虑到所有这些时期的表现形式。
7.Where safeguarding plans exist urban development or slum clearance programmes consisting of the demolition of buildings of no architectural or historic interest and which are structurally too unsound to be kept, the removal of extensions and additional storeys of no value, and sometimes even the demolition of recent buildings which break the unity of the area, may only be authorized in conformity with the plan.
7. 在有保护计划的情况下，只有根据该计划方可批准涉及拆除既无建筑价值和历史价值且结构又极不稳固、无法保存的建筑物的城市发展或贫民区治理计划，以及拆除无价值的延伸部分或附加楼层，乃至拆除有时破坏历史地区整体感的新建筑。
8. Urban development or slum clearance programmes for areas not covered by safeguarding plans should respect buildings and other elements of architectural or historic value as well as accompanying buildings. If such elements are likely to be adversely affected by the programme safeguarding plans as indicated above should be drawn up in advance of demolition.
8. 保护计划未涉及地区的城市发展或贫民区治理计划应尊重具有建筑或历史价值的建筑物和其它组成部分及其附属建筑物。如果这类组成部分可能受到该计划的不利影响，应在拆除之前制订上述保护计划。
9. Constant supervision is necessary to ensure that these operations are not conducive to excessive profits nor serve other purposes contrary to the objectives of the plan.
9. 为确保这些计划的实施不致有利于牟取暴利或与计划的目标相悖，有必要经常进行监督。
10. The usual security standards applicable to fire and natural catastrophes should be observed in any urban development or slum clearance programme affecting a historic area, provided that this be compatible with the criteria applicable to the preservation of the cultural heritage. If conflict does occur, special solutions should be sought, with the collaboration of all the services concerned, so as to provide the maximum security, while not impairing the cultural heritage.
10. 任何影响历史地区的城市发展或贫民区治理计划应遵守适用于防止火灾和自然灾害的通用安全标准，只要这与适用于保护文化遗产的标准相符。如果确实出现了不符的情况，各有关部门应通力合作找出特别的解决方法，以便在不损坏文化遗产的同时，提供大的安全保障。
11. Particular care should be devoted to regulations for and control over new buildings so as to ensure that their architecture adapts harmoniously to the spatial organization and setting of the groups of historic buildings. To this end, an analysis of the urban context should precede any new construction not only so as to define the general character of the group of buildings but also to analyse its dominant features, e. g. the harmony of heights, colours, materials and forms, constants in the way the fa嘺des and roofs are built, the relationship between the volume of buildings and the spatial volume, as well as their average proportions and their position. Particular attention should be given to the size of the lots since there is a danger that any reorganization of the lots may cause a change of mass which could be deleterious to the harmony of the whole.
11. 应特别注意对新建筑物制订规章并加以控制，以确保该建筑能与历史建筑群的空间结构和环境协调一致。为此，在任何新建项目之前，应对城市的来龙去脉进行分析，其目的不仅在于确定该建筑群的一般特征，而且在于分析其主要特征，如：高度、色彩、材料及造型之间的和谐、建筑物正面和屋顶建造方式的衡量、建筑面积与空间体积之间的关系及其平均比例和位置。特别应注意基址的面积，因为存在着这样一个危险，即基址的任何改动都可能带来整体的变化，均对整体的和谐不利。
12. The isolation of a monument through the demolition of its surroundings should not generally be authorized, neither should a monument be moved unless in exceptional circumstances and for unavoidable reasons.
12. 除非在极个别情况下并出于不可避免的原因，一般不应批准破坏古迹周 围环境而使其处于孤立状态，也不应将其迁移它处。
13. Historic areas and their surroundings should be protected from the disfigurement caused by the erection of poles, pylons and electricity or telephone cables and the placing of television aerials and large-scale advertising signs. Where these already exist appropriate measures should be taken for their removal. Bill-posting, neon signs and other kinds of advertisement, commercial signs, street pavements and furniture, should be planned with the greatest care and controlled so that they fit harmoniously into the whole. Special efforts should be made to prevent all forms of vandalism.
13. 历史地区及其周围环境应得到保护，避免因架设电杆、高塔、电线或电话线、安置电视天线及大型广告牌而带来的外观损坏。在已经设置这些装置的地方，应采取适当措施予以拆除。张贴广告、霓虹灯和其它各种广告、商业招牌、及人行道与各种街道设备应精心规划并加以控制，以使它们与整体相协调。应特别注意防止各种形式的破坏活动。
14. Member States and groups concerned should protect historic areas and their surroundings against the increasingly serious environmental damage caused by certain technological developments - in particular the various forms of pollution - by banning harmful industries in the proximity of these areas and by taking preventive measures to counter the destructive effects of noise, shocks and vibrations caused by machines and vehicles. Provision should further be made for measures to counter the harm resulting from over-exploitation by tourism.
14. 各成员国及有关团体应通过禁止在历史地区附近建立有害工业，并通过采取预防措施消除由机器和车辆所带来的噪音、振动和颤动的破坏性影响，保护历史地区及其周围环境免受由于某种技术发展，特别是各种形式的污染所造成的日益严重的环境损害。另外还应做出规定，采取措施消除因旅游业的过分开发而造成的危害。
15. Member States should encourage and assist local authorities to seek solutions to the conflict existing in most historic groupings between motor traffic on the one hand and the scale of the buildings and their architectural qualities on the other. To solve the conflict and to encourage pedestrian traffic, careful attention should be paid to the placing of, and access to, peripheral and even central car parks and routing systems established which will facilitate pedestrian traffic, service access and public transport alike. Many rehabilitation operations such as putting electricity and other cables underground, too expensive if carried out singly, could then be co-ordinated easily and economically with the development of the road system.
15. 各成员国应鼓励并帮助地方当局寻求解决大多数历史建筑群中所存在的一方面机动交通另一方面建筑规模以及建筑质量之间的矛盾的方法。为了解决这一矛盾并鼓励步行，应特别重视设置和开放既便于步行、服务通行又便于公共交通的外围乃至中央停车场和道路系统。许多诸如在地下铺设电线和其它电缆的修复工程，如果单独实施耗资过大，可以简单而经济地与道路系统的发展相结合。
16. Protection and restoration should be accompanied by revitalization activities. It would thus be essential to maintain appropriate existing functions, in particular trades and crafts, and establish new ones, which, if they are to be viable, in the long term, should be compatible with the economic and social context of the town, region or country where they are introduced. The cost of safeguarding operations should be evaluated not only in terms of the cultural value of the buildings but also in relation to the value they acquire through the use made of them. The social problems of safeguarding cannot be seen correctly unless reference is made to both these value scales. These functions should answer the social, cultural and economic needs of the inhabitants without harming the specific nature of the area concerned. A cultural revitalization policy should make historic areas centres of culturaL activities and give them a central role to play in the cultural development of the communities around them.
16. 保护和修复工作应与振兴活动齐头并进。因此，适当保持现有的适当作用，特别是贸易和手工艺，并增加新的作用是非常重要的，这些新作用从长远来看，如果具有生命力，应与其所在的城镇、地区或国家的经济和社会状态相符合。保护工作的费用不仅应根据建筑物的文化价值而且应根据其经使用获得的价值进行估算。只有参照了这两方面的价值尺度，才能正确看待保护的社会问题。这些作用应满足居民的社会、文化和经济需要，而又不损坏有关地区的具体特征。文化振兴政策应使历史地区成为文化活动的中心并使其在周围社区的文化发展中发挥中心作用。
17. In rural areas all works which cause disturbances and all changes of economic and social structure should be carefully controlled so as to preserve the integrity of historic rural communities within their natural setting.
17. 在农村地区，所有引起干扰的工程和经济、社会结构的所有变化应严加 控制，以使具有历史意义的农村社区保持其在自然环境中的完整性。
18. Safeguarding activities should couple the public authorities' contribution with the contribution made by the individual or collective owners and the inhabitants and users, separately or together, who should be encouraged to put forward suggestions and generally play an active part. Constant co-operation between the community and the individual should thus be established at all levels particularly through methods such as information adapted to the types of persons concerned; surveys adapted to the persons questioned; establishment of advisory groups attached to planning teams; representation of owners, inhabitants and users in an advisory function on bodies responsible for decision-making, management and the organization of operations connected with plans for safeguarding, or the creation of public corporations to play a part in the plan's implementation.
18. 保护活动应把公共当局的贡献同个人或集体所有者、居民和使用者单独或共同作出的贡献联系起来，应鼓励他们提出建议并充分发挥其积极作用。因此，特别应通过以下方法在社区和个人之间建立各种层次的经常性的合作：适合于某类人的信息资料，适合于有关人员的综合研究，建立附属于计划小组的顾问团体；所有者、居民和使用者在对公共企业机构发挥咨询作用方面的代表性。这些机构 负责有关保护计划的决策、管理和组织实施的机构或负责创建参与实施计划。
19. The formation of voluntary conservation groups and non-profit-making associations and the establishment of honorary or financial rewards should be encouraged so that specially meritorious work in all aspects of safeguarding may be recognized.
19. 应鼓励建立自愿保护团体和非营利性协会以及设立荣誉或物质奖励，以使保护领域中各方面卓有成效的工作能得到认可。
20. Availability of the necessary funds for the level of public investment provided for in the plans for the safeguarding of historic areas and their surroundings should be ensured by including adequate appropriations in the budgets of the central, regional and local authorities. All these funds should be centrally managed by public, private or semi-public bodies entrusted with the co-ordination of all forms of financial aid at national, regional or local level and with the channelling of them according to an overall plan of action.
20. 应通过中央、地区和地方当局足够的预算拨款，确保得到保护历史地区及其环境计划中所规定的用于公共投资的必要资金。所有这些资金应由受委托协调国家、地区或地方各级一切形式的财政援助、并根据全面行动计划发放资金的 公共、私人或半公半私的机构集中管理。
21. Public assistance in the forms described below should be based on the principle that, wherever this is appropriate and necessary, the measures taken by the authorities concerned should take into account the "extra cost" of restoration, i. e. the additional cost imposed on the owner as compared with the new market or rental value of the building.
21. 下述形式的公共援助应基于这样的原则：在适当和必要的情况下，有关当局采取的措施，应考虑到修复中的额外开支，即与建筑物新的市场价格或租金相比，强加给所有者的附加开支。
22. In general, such public funds should be used primarily to conserve existing buildings including especially buildings for low rental housing and should not be allocated to the construction of new buildings unless the latter do not prejudice the use and functions of existing buildings.
22. 一般来说，这类公共资金应主要用于保护现有建筑，特别包括低租金的住宅建筑，而不应划拨给新建筑的建设，除非后者不损害现有建筑物的使用和作用。
23. Grants, subsidies, loans at favourable rates, or tax concessions should be made available to private owners and to users carrying out work provided for by the safeguarding plans and in conformity with the standards laid down in those plans. These tax concessions, grants and loans could be made first and foremost to groups of owners or users of living accommodation and commercial property, since joint operations are more economical than individual action. The financial concessions granted to private owners and users should, where appropriate, be dependent on covenants requiring the observance of certain conditions laid down in the public interest, and ensuring the integrity of the buildings such as allowing the buildings to be visited and allowing access to parks, gardens or sites, the taking of photographs, etc.
23. 赠款、补贴、低息贷款或税收减免应提供给按保护计划所规定的标准进行保护计划所规定的工程的私人所有者和使用者。这些税收减免、赠款和贷款可首先提供给拥有住房和商业财产的所有者或使用者团体，因为联合施工比单独行动更加节省。给予私人所有者和使用者的财政特许权，在适当情况下，应取决于要求遵守为公共利益而规定的某些条件的契约，并确保建筑物的完整，例如：允许参观建筑物、允许进入公园、花园或遗址，允许拍照等。
24. Special funds should be set aside in the budgets of public and private bodies for the protection of groups of historic buildings endangered by large-scale public works and pollution. Public authorities should also set aside special funds for the repair of damage caused by natural disasters.
24. 应在公共或私人团体的预算中，拨出一笔特别资金，用于保护受到大规模公共工程和污染危害的历史建筑群。公共当局也应拨出专款，用于修复由于自然灾害所造成的损坏。
25. In addition, all government departments and agencies active in the field of public works should arrange their programmes and budgets so as to contribute to the rehabilitation of groups of historic buildings by financing work which is both in conformity with their own aims and the aims of the safeguarding plan.
25. 另外，一切活跃于公共工程领域的政府部门和机构应通过既符合自己目的，又符合保护计划目标的融资，安排其计划与预算，以便为历史建筑群的修复作出贡献。
26. To increase the financial resources available to them, Member States should encourage the setting up of public and/or private financing agencies for the safeguarding of historic areas and their surroundings. These agencies should have corporate status and be empowered to receive gifts from individuals, foundations and industrial and commercial concerns. Special tax concessions may be granted to donors.
26. 为了增加可资利用的财政资源，各成员国应鼓励建立保护历史地区及其周围环境的公共和／或私人金融机构。这些机构应有法人地位，并有权接受来自个人、基金会以及有关工业和商业方面的赠款。对捐赠人可给予特别的税收减免。
27. The financing of work of any deion carried out for the safeguarding of historic areas and their surroundings by setting up a loans corporation, could be facilitated by public institutions and private credit establishments, which would be responsible for making loans to owners at reduced rates of interest with repayment spread out over a long period.
27. 通过建立借贷机构为保护历史地区及其周围环境所进行的各种工程的融资工作，可由公共机构和私人信贷机构提供便利，这些机构将负责向所有者提供 低息长期贷款。
28. Member States and other levels of government concerned could facilitate the creation of non-profit-making associations responsible for buying and, where appropriate after restoration, selling buildings by using revolving funds established for the special purpose of enabling owners of historic buildings who wish to safeguard them and preserve their character to continue to reside there.
28. 各成员国和其它有关各级政府部门可促进非赢利组织的建立。这些组织负责以周转资金购买，或如果合适在修复后出售建筑物。这笔资金是为了使那些 希望保护历史建筑物、维护其特色的所有人能够在其中继续居住而专门设立的。
29. It is most important that safeguarding measures should not lead to a break in the social fabric. To avoid hardship to the poorest inhabitants consequent on their having to move from buildings or groups of buildings due for renovation, compensation for rises in rent could enable them to keep their homes, commercial premises and workshops and their traditional living patterns and occupations, especially rural crafts, small-scale agriculture, fishing, etc. This compensation, which would be income-related, would help those concerned to pay the increased rentals resulting from the work carried out.
29. 保护措施不应导致社会结构的崩溃，这一点尤为重要。为了避免因翻修给不得不从建筑物或建筑群迁出的贫穷的居民所带来的艰辛，补偿上涨的租金能使他们得以维持家庭住房、商业用房、作坊以及他们传统的生活方式和职业，特别是农村手工业、小型农业、渔业等。这项与收入挂钩的补偿，将会帮助有关人员偿付由于进行工程而导致的租金上涨。
RESEARCH, EDUCATION AND INFORMATION
研究、教育和信息
1. In order to raise the standard of work of the skilled workers and craftsmen required and to encourage the whole population to realize the need for safeguarding and to take part in it, the following measures should be taken by Member States, in accordance with their legal and constitutional competence.
1. 为了提高所需技术工人和手工艺者的工作水平，并鼓励全体民众认识到保护的必要性并参予保护工作，各成员国应根据其立法和宪法权限，采取以下措施。
2. Member States and groups concerned should encourage the systematic study of, and research on town-planning aspects of historic areas and their environment; the interconnexions between safeguarding and planning at all levels: methods of conservation applicable to historic areas; the alteration of materials; the application of modern techniques to conservation work; the crafts techniques indispensable for safeguarding.
2. 各成员国和有关团体应鼓励系统地学习和研究：
（1）城市规划中有关历史地区及其环境方面；
（2）各级保护和规划之间的相互联系；
（3）适用于历史地区的保护方法；
（4）材料的改变；
（5）现代技术在保护工作中的运用；
（6）与保护不可分割的工艺技术。
3. Specific education concerning the above questions and including practical training periods should be introduced and developed. In addition, it is essential to encourage the training of skilled workers and craftsmen specializing in the safeguarding of historic areas, including any open spaces surrounding them. Furthermore, it is necessary to encourage the crafts themselves, which are jeopardized by the processes of industrialization.It is desirable that the institutions concerned co-operate in this matter with specialized international agencies such as the Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property, in Rome, the International Council of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) and the International Council of Museums (ICOM).
3. 应采用并与上述问题有关的并包括实习培训期的专门教育。另外，至关重要的是鼓励培养专门从事保护历史地区，包括其周围的空间地带的专业技术工人和手工艺者。此外，还有必要振兴受工业化进程破坏的工艺本身。在这方面有关机构有必要与专门的国际机构进行合作，如在罗马的文化财产保护与修复研究中心、国际古迹遗址理事会和国际博物馆协会。
4. The education of administrative staff for the needs of local development in the field of safeguarding of historic areas should be financed where applicable and needed and directed by the appropriate authorities according to a long-term programme.
4. 对地方在历史地区保护方面发展中所需行政人员的教育，应根据实际需要，按照长远计划由有关当局提供资金并进行指导。
5. Awareness of the need for safeguarding work should be encouraged by education in school, out of school and at university and by using information media such as books, the press, television, radio, cinema and travelling exhibitions. Clear, comprehensive information should be provided as to the advantages - not only aesthetic, but also social and economic - to be reaped from a well-conducted policy for the safeguarding of historic areas and their surroundings. Such information should be widely circulated among specialized private and government bodies and the general public so that they may know why and how their surroundings can be improved in this way.
5. 应通过校外和大学教育，以及通过诸如书籍、报刊、电视、广播、电影和巡回展览等信息媒介增强对保护工作必要性的认识。还应提供不仅有关美学而且有关社会和经济得益于进展良好的保护历史地区及其周围环境的政策方面的、全面明确的信息。这种信息应在私人和政府专门机构以及一般民众中广为传播， 以使他们知道为什么以及怎样才能按此方法改善他们的环境。
6. The study of historic areas should be included in education at all levels, especially in history teaching, so as to inculcate in young minds an understanding of and respect for the works of the past and to demonstrate the role of this heritage in modern life. Education of this kind should make wide use of audio-visual media and of visits to groups of historic buildings.
6. 对历史地区的研究应包括在各级教育之中，特别是在历史教学中，以便反复向青年人灌输理解和尊重昔日成就，并说明这些遗产在现代生活中的作用。这种教育应广泛利用视听媒介及参观历史建筑群的方法。
7. Refresher courses for teachers and guides and the training of instructors should be facilitated so as to aid groups of young people and adults wishing to learn about historic areas.
7. 为了帮助那些想了解历史地区的青年人和成年人，应加强教师和导游的进修课程以及对教师的培训。
INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION
国际合作
1. Member States should co-operate with regard to the safeguarding of historic areas and their surroundings, seeking aid, if it seems desirable, from international organizations, both intergovernmental and non-governmental, in particular that of the Unesco-ICOM-ICOMOS Documentation Centre.Such multilateral or bilateral co-operation should be carefully coordinated and should take the form of measures such as the following:
(a) exchange of information in all forms and of scientific and technical publications;
(b) organization of seminars and working parties on particular subjects;
(c) provision of study and travel fellowships, and the dispatch of scientific, technical and administrative staff, and equipment;
(d) joint action to combat pollution of all kinds;
(e) implementation of large-scale conservation, restoration and rehabilitation projects for historic areas and publication of the experience acquired. In frontier areas where the task of developing and safeguarding historic areas and their surroundings gives rise to problems jointly affecting Member States on either side of the frontier, they should co-ordinate their policies and activities to ensure that the cultural heritage is used and protected in the best possible way;
(f) mutual assistance between neighbouring countries for the preservation of areas of common interest characteristic of the historic and cultural development of the region.
1. 各成员国应在历史地区及其周围环境的保护方面进行合作，如有必要，寻求政府间的和非政府间的国际组织的援助，特别是联合国教育、科学及文化组织、国际博物馆协会、国际古迹遗址理事会文献中心的援助。此种多边或双边合作应认真予以协调，并应采取诸如下列形式的措施：
（1）交流各种形式的信息及科技出版物；
（2）组织专题研讨会或工作会；
（3）提供研究或旅行基金，派遣科技和行政工作人员并发送有关设备；
（4）采取共同行动以对付各种污染；
（5）实施大规模保护、修复与复原历史地区的项目，并公布已取得的经验。在边境地区，如果发展和保护历史地区及其周围的环境导致影响边境两边的成员国的共同问题，双方应协调其政策和行动，以确保文化遗产以尽可能的最佳方法 得到利用和保护；
（6）邻国之间在保护共同感兴趣并具有本地区历史和文化发展特点的地区方面应互相协助。
2. In conformity with the spirit and the principles of this recommendation, a Member State should not take any action to demolish or change the character of the historic quarters, towns and sites, situated in territories occupied by that State
2. 根据本建议的精神和原则，一成员国不应采取任何行动拆除或改变其所 占领土之上的历史区段、城镇和遗址的特征。以上乃 1976 年 11 月 30 日在内罗毕召开的联合国教育、科学及文化组织大会第十九届会议正式通过之公约的作准文本。
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